Autism and Aging: What's Happening in the Brain and Mind?

The topic of how aging affects people with autism is relatively new. It's a subject that needs more attention. A recent effort looked at studies on how the brain and mind change with age in autistic individuals. The research focused on both the brain's structure and function, as well as cognitive abilities like processing speed, memory, and executive function. The review considered studies up until January 2024. Two researchers carefully selected relevant studies from two major databases. They assessed the quality of these studies to ensure the findings were reliable. Thirty-six studies were included. Some focused on the brain, some on cognitive functions, and others on both. The review explored three main ideas about aging in autism: accelerated aging, parallel aging, and the safeguard hypothesis. The results were mixed. Some studies suggested that aging in autism follows a similar pattern to that in neurotypical individuals. Others hinted at unique aging processes. The differences in findings could be due to various factors. These include the age of participants, co-occurring conditions, lifestyle, and cognitive reserve. Cross-sectional studies, which look at data from a specific point in time, mostly supported the idea of parallel or safeguard aging. However, longitudinal studies, which track changes over time, were more aligned with the parallel or accelerated aging hypotheses. This discrepancy highlights the need for more research. Understanding how aging affects autistic individuals can help in providing better support tailored to their needs. The review underscored the lack of agreement in this field. This could be because of the complexity of autism and the variety of factors that influence aging. Despite the mixed results, the review suggests that more longitudinal studies are needed. These studies can provide a clearer picture of how aging impacts autistic individuals over time. This knowledge is crucial for developing effective support strategies.