Cave Frogs: The Secret Life of a Two-Phase Amphibian

Living in caves, the stage-dependent cave frog, Oreolalax rhodostigmatus, has a unique way of life. It is a fascinating example of how animals adapt to their surroundings. This frog has a two-phase life cycle. As a tadpole, it has traits that help it survive in the dark caves. After it grows into an adult, it develops features that allow it to live in different environments. The genome of this frog has been mapped out. It is quite large, with over 26, 000 protein-coding genes. This genome reveals a lot about how the frog adapts to its environment. The genes related to smell, taste, sight, and pain have undergone significant changes. This is likely because the frog needs to rely more on these senses in the dark caves. Tadpoles of this frog have a reduced ability to see. However, they still develop a lens in their eyes. This is interesting because it shows that the eyes are still important, even if they are not fully functional. As the frog grows into an adult, its eyes become more sensitive to light. This allows the adult frog to see better in different light conditions. The tadpoles also have a unique way of developing pigment in their skin. This is controlled by special enzymes called tyrosinases. These enzymes help the tadpoles develop the pigment they need to survive in their environment. As the frog grows, these enzymes change, allowing the adult frog to have different pigmentation. The tadpoles also store a lot of fat in their liver. This is likely because they need to survive on stored energy while they are developing. The genes related to fat metabolism also change as the frog grows. This shows that the frog's metabolism adapts to its changing needs as it grows. This frog's life cycle is quite different from other cave-dwelling animals, like cavefish. The way it adapts to its environment is unique. This makes it a valuable subject for studying how animals evolve to fit their surroundings.