Chiral Drugs in Rivers: The Septic Tank Connection

In Scotland, researchers took a close look at how chiral drugs make their way into rivers. They spent a year studying five community septic tanks. The goal was to figure out how these tanks affect the amounts and types of chiral drugs that end up in nearby rivers. The study focused on 25 different chiral drugs and their byproducts. These drugs can be found in both enantiopure and racemic forms. The findings showed that the amount of drugs and their enantiomeric fractions (EFs) varied a lot. This was due to the small number of people using each septic tank. Drugs that came in both enantiopure and racemic forms showed the most variation. For instance, citalopram, a drug often prescribed in racemic form, usually had EFs below 0. 5. This is because the body breaks down the S(+)-citalopram more quickly. However, some samples had EFs above 0. 7, indicating more use of the enantiopure form, escitalopram. The study also found that some drugs, like citalopram and venlafaxine, were being flushed down the drain directly. This was clear from the high concentrations and the ratios of the drugs to their byproducts. These ratios were at least 19 times higher than normal. One interesting finding was that the EFs didn't change much between the wastewater entering and leaving the septic tanks. This suggests that the anaerobic environment in septic tanks doesn't break down the drugs in a way that favors one enantiomer over the other. This is different from what happens in aerobic wastewater treatment works (WWTWs).For example, naproxen, a common pain reliever, had EFs of 0. 990 or higher when both enantiomers were detected. This was similar to untreated wastewater but different from the EFs found in aerobic WWTW effluents. This difference is because septic tanks don't convert S(+)-naproxen to R(-)-naproxen. This means naproxen could be a good marker for tracking how drugs enter the environment. The study also looked at river water to see if the drugs posed a risk to the environment. At the study locations, the risk was low because the septic tank effluents were diluted enough. However, the study highlighted the need for more detailed analysis. This is because individual practices, like how people use and dispose of medicines, can have a big impact on the composition of septic tank wastewater and the receiving water. The study also showed that the environmental impact of these drugs could be better understood with more detailed analysis. This is important for figuring out where these drugs come from, how they break down, and how they affect the environment. This is especially true for drugs that are chiral, as their different forms can behave differently in the environment. It's important to note that the study only looked at a small number of septic tanks. More research is needed to fully understand the role of septic tanks in the environmental fate of chiral drugs. This is especially true for drugs that are commonly prescribed in enantiopure forms.