How Tumors Change T Cell Metabolism and Affect Chemotherapy

Cancer cells are known for their clever tactics to evade the body's immune system. One of these tricks involves manipulating the metabolic processes of cells in and around the tumor. Tumors gobble up glucose, their main energy source, and produce lactate. This creates a tough environment for immune cells, which need glucose to survive. But not all immune cells are affected the same way. Some T cells, called Tregs, adapt by switching to a different energy source: fatty acids. Tregs have a special protein, FOXP3, which helps them change their metabolism. FOXP3 turns on the gene for a protein called CD36, which scavenges fatty acids. This shift in metabolism allows Tregs to thrive in the harsh tumor environment. If this fatty acid pathway is blocked, Treg cells struggle to develop. Interestingly, a high-fat diet boosts Treg development, which isn't great for fighting cancer. On the other hand, a low-fat diet slows down Treg growth. In experiments with mice, those on a low-fat diet responded better to chemotherapy. This suggests that adjusting diet during cancer treatment could make it more effective.