Imagining Antarctica's Future: How Ocean Changes Drive Ice Sheet Retreat

Have you ever wondered how the future of Antarctica's ice sheets might unfold? Scientists are using a model called CISM to simulate what could happen over the next few centuries. This model is part of a larger project called ISMIP6, which aims to improve predictions about the future of ice sheets. Instead of looking into the past, CISM starts by imagining what might happen thousands of years in the future. It adjusts some factors, like how much friction there is at the base of the ice sheet and how warm the ocean water is, to make sure it matches what we currently observe. Then, it fast-forwards to the year 1950 and runs simulations all the way to 2500. During this time, it applies different scenarios of how the ocean might change, using data from six different climate models. Guess what? In all these scenarios, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet starts to melt, especially in areas like the Filchner–Ronne and Ross sectors. This melting speeds up towards the end of the 21st century and keeps going for a few more centuries without stopping. The amount of sea-level rise due to this ocean-driven melting can range from 150 to 1300 millimeters by the year 2500. This wide range shows just how uncertain these predictions are. Some parts of Antarctica, like the Amundsen sector, show a threshold effect. In many simulations, there's only a slight retreat. But in some cases, with very low friction at the base and high ocean warmth, the ice can completely collapse. The model's sensitivity to different factors also varies. It's highly sensitive to how the ice at the bottom interacts with the bedrock, but not too sensitive to how the grid used in the model is set up or how small ice shelves are treated. Despite all this, there are still many uncertainties. The way sub-shelf melt rates are calculated, how calving is handled, and the lack of direct ice-ocean interaction all play a role.