How Cells Coordinate to Shape an Embryo

Ever wondered how cells work together to shape an organism? During animal development, cells undergo processes like convergent extension, which changes the shape of tissues. While we know how genes drive this process on a large scale, we're still figuring out how individual cells control it locally. To tackle this puzzle, scientists used time-lapse images of developing fruit fly embryos. They analyzed how cell shapes change and how cells rearrange themselves. Surprisingly, they found that cells actively push and pull on each other, creating forces that drive the process.These forces aren't random; they self-organize thanks to positive feedback. In other words, the more a cell pushes or pulls, the more it encourages neighboring cells to do the same. This creates a coordinated effort that shapes the embryo. Their study also suggests that this local self-organization isn't the whole story. Genes play a role too, regulating these forces on a larger scale. It's like having a group of friends (cells) who decide to push a car (embryo) together, while an adult (genes) makes sure they're all pulling in the right direction. So, the next time you think about how an organism develops, remember that local cell activities and large-scale gene regulation work hand in hand.