How Grapes Adapt: Exploring Vine Transcriptomes in Italy

Have you ever wondered how grapes adapt to different environments? The grapevine, or Vitis species, is known for its adaptability. This adaptability is due to how it responds to its surroundings, a phenomenon called phenotypic plasticity. Scientists studied two grape varieties, Cabernet Sauvignon and Aglianico, grown in three different regions in Italy: Campania, Molise, and Sicily. They collected ripe berries and analyzed their genes using a technique called RNA sequencing. This technique looks at which genes are active in the cells. The researchers then combined this gene data with weather information from the regions, such as temperature, humidity, and sun exposure. They used a method called weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to find connections between the genes and the weather. They found over 11, 000 genes that behaved differently in response to the environment, with most changes happening in the Aglianico grapes from Sicily.Some genes were particularly interesting. For example, a gene called ACA10 was highly active in both varieties grown in Campania, where the grapes had the least amount of a compound called anthocyanin. Anthocyanin is what gives grapes their color. This suggests that this gene might play a role in color development. The gene activity was also linked to the quality of the grapes, like their sugar content and the amount of compounds called polyphenols. These compounds can affect the taste and health benefits of wine. Understanding these genes could help identify unique traits in grapes from different regions and even find genes that are important for wine quality.