The Two Faces of Vanadium: Which Is Worse for Your Gut?

Vanadium is something we might come into contact with through our food, water, or soil. So, what happens when we swallow it? Researchers used human colon cancer cells, called Caco-2 cells, to mimic what goes on in our intestines. They looked at the effects of vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) and sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4), two forms of vanadium. Guess what? Both forms were harmful to the cells, but one was worse. Vanadium(IV), found in VOSO4, did more damage than Vanadium(V) in Na3VO4. When cells were exposed to Vanadium(IV), their viability, or ability to survive, didn't change smoothly with increasing amounts. Instead, it went up and down. Meanwhile, Vanadium(V) was bad in a more predictable way, with cell survival dropping as the amount went up.Both forms also caused stress in the cells, making them produce harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species. Cells took up more Vanadium(IV) than Vanadium(V), and when they did, they changed shape and their structure got messed up. So, Vanadium(IV) seems to be the bigger bully in this story. Understanding what happens when we swallow vanadium can help us see the potential dangers it might pose to our health.