Why Do Neighboring Countries Start Ramadan on Different Days?

Have you ever wondered why countries like Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore start their holy month of Ramadan on different days? Even though they all follow the same lunar calendar, their methods of determining the start of each month vary greatly. Let's dive into how each country does it. Brunei relies on actual moon sightings to decide when a new month begins. The Chief Syar'ie Judge and various government departments work together to spot the new moon. Once they do, the Sultan gives his approval. In contrast, Indonesia uses a more complex system. They hold a big meeting called Sidang Isbat, involving many religious and scientific experts. The Ministry of Religious Affairs makes the final call. Malaysia's process is a bit different. They have the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) and several expert panels. Once they agree, the Keeper of the Ruler's Seal announces the start of the month after getting royal approval. Singapore, on the other hand, can't rely on moon sightings due to air and light pollution. So, they use astronomical calculations to figure out when the new month starts.These differences come from each country's unique history, culture, and religious beliefs. For instance, Indonesia has a diverse population, and two big religious groups, Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama, influence their practices. Malaysia had a big disagreement about when Ramadan started back in 1983. Brunei sticks to one school of thought, the Shafi'i, for consistency. Singapore can't see the moon clearly because of pollution, so they use math instead. Even though these countries try to follow the same rules for spotting the new moon, their methods are different. This can lead to different start dates for important months like Ramadan. To fix this, experts suggest finding a common reference point and having more discussions among these countries.