Nanoplastics: The Hidden Carriers of Harmful Chemicals

Nanoplastics are tiny bits that come from breaking down common plastics. These plastics are found in everyday items. The plastics are polyethylene terephthalate, high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride. Scientists put these plastics through simulated marine weathering for up to 10 weeks. This process changes the plastics' makeup, making them oxidize over time. This change was tracked using special tools like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and zeta-potential measurements. The oxidation process affects how well these nanoplastics can soak up harmful chemicals. These chemicals are known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or PAHs. Even though the plastics' ability to absorb these chemicals changes, they can still hold much higher concentrations of PAHs than water can. This is a big deal because it means these tiny plastics can carry a lot of harmful stuff. To see how this works in a real-life situation, scientists used an intestinal co-culture model. This model mimics the lining of our intestines, complete with M cells and enterocytes. When PAH-loaded nanoplastics were introduced, they boosted the transport of these harmful chemicals into and across the membrane. High-density polyethylene, in particular, showed the highest increase in intracellular PAH concentration. Now, here's where it gets interesting. When these nanoplastics interact with cell membranes, they cause significant changes. RNA sequencing showed that genes related to oxidative stress and detoxification pathways were turned up. This includes genes like NQO1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1. On the flip side, genes involved in basic cell functions, such as DNA repair and division, were turned down. This includes genes like MACROD2 and KIF20A. So, what does all this mean? It shows that nanoplastics can make harmful chemicals more accessible and available to our cells. This can lead to increased cellular stress. This is a big concern because it highlights the potential environmental and health risks linked to nanoplastics. They can act as carriers for hydrophobic environmental toxins. This is a serious issue that needs more attention and research.