Revolutionizing Fuel Cells: The Power of Atomic Catalysts

Powering your car or home with nothing but water and air. That's the promise of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). But to make this a reality, scientists need to find a way to make a crucial process called oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) happen more efficiently in acidic environments. Enter metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) catalysts. These tiny, atomically dispersed metals are like superheroes in the world of catalysis. They're affordable, perform exceptionally well, and have consistent active sites that make the most of every atom. Over the past decade, researchers have made significant strides in understanding and improving these catalysts. This review delves into the latest advancements and how these atomically dispersed M-N-C catalysts are used in PEMFCs. First, we'll dive into the mechanics of ORR and how PEMFCs work. Then, we'll discuss strategies to enhance the activity and stability of these catalysts at the cathode. Finally, we'll explore the challenges that still need to be overcome and suggest ways forward for future research.