The Hidden Origins of Teeth in Ancient Armored Fish

The story of teeth begins in a surprising place: the bumps on ancient armored fish. These fish, swimming in Earth's oceans around 465 million years ago, had sensory tissues that might have evolved into the dentine found in human teeth. Dentine is the inner layer of teeth that senses pressure, pain, and temperature changes. Researchers have long pondered the origins of teeth. One theory suggested they evolved from bumps on the armored exoskeletons of ancient fish. These bumps, called odontodes, were thought to contain dentine, helping fish sense their environment. A recent study using 3D scans of fossils confirmed this theory. The scans showed that odontodes had dentine, which likely helped fish detect pressure and temperature changes. The study also revealed that odontodes share similarities with sensilla, sensory organs found in the shells of modern crabs and shrimp. This is an example of evolutionary convergence, where similar features evolve independently in different animal groups. While arthropods retained their sensilla, odontodes evolved into teeth in animals. The research team made another discovery: a species once thought to be an ancient fish was actually an arthropod. This confusion arose because the fossils were fragmentary, making it challenging to study their internal anatomy. Advanced imaging techniques provided a 3D view of the fossils, revealing their true nature. Armored jawless fish and ancient arthropods coexisted in the muddy shallow seas of the Ordovician period. Features like odontodes and sensilla helped these animals distinguish predators from prey. Modern fish, sharks, and some catfishes still have odontodes or denticles, which are connected to nerves and help them sense their environment. The findings suggest that sensory structures appeared first on exoskeletons, providing the genetic information needed to create teeth. Over time, fish evolved jaws, and it became advantageous to have pointy structures around and in the mouth. This research refines the timeline for the first appearance of hard tissues and the earliest ancestors of jawed fishes. The study also raises intriguing questions about the evolution of hard tissues like dentine and structures like scales and teeth. They may have evolved for sensing the environment before being adapted for protection or feeding. This research highlights the importance of advanced imaging techniques in uncovering the secrets of ancient life.