The Hidden Roots of Complex Life

The world of tiny, single-celled organisms called Asgard archaea is revealing secrets about the origins of complex life. These microscopic beings have been under the microscope for their shape, how they function, and their genetic makeup. This has given scientists clues about how complex cells, known as eukaryotes, came to be. There has been a lot of back and forth about where exactly eukaryotes fit in the family tree of Asgard archaea. This has made it hard to figure out what the earliest complex cells were like and when they first appeared. A recent study has added 223 new genomes of Asgard archaea to the mix. These genomes had not been seen before. This discovery has expanded the known types of Asgard archaea by 16 new groups. This is a big deal because it gives scientists more data to work with. By looking at this expanded set of genomes, researchers have come up with a new idea about where eukaryotes fit in the Asgard family tree. They suggest that eukaryotes branched off before the diversification of a group called Heimdallarchaeia. This is different from the previous idea that eukaryotes branched with a group called Hodarchaeales within the Heimdallarchaeia. The reason for this difference? It turns out that the genomes of a group called Njordarchaeales are a mix of sequences from both Asgard and TACK archaea. This mix-up had not been fully appreciated before. By looking back in time and estimating when certain events happened, researchers think that the last common ancestor of Asgard archaea and eukaryotes emerged before a major event called the Great Oxidation Event. This ancestor was probably an anaerobic organism that depended on hydrogen. This supports an idea called the hydrogen hypothesis of eukaryogenesis. This hypothesis suggests that eukaryotes arose from the fusion of a hydrogen-consuming archaeal host and a hydrogen-producing protomitochondrion. So, what does all this mean? Well, it's a step forward in understanding how complex life came to be. But there's still a lot more to learn. The debate is far from over, and new discoveries are always around the corner. It's an exciting time to be a scientist studying the origins of life.