The Resilience of Exiled Scientists: Pharmacologists Under Nazi Rule

The persecution of Jewish and dissenting German pharmacologists during the Nazi era (1933-1945) had a profound impact on their professional lives. The oldest pharmacological journal, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, was established in 1873. It has a rich history and has published numerous historical studies, including some marking its 150th anniversary. The focus here is on the careers of 32 pharmacologists who were forced to flee due to the Nazi regime. The study delves into the lives of these scientists, drawing from a book that provides brief biographies of 71 persecuted pharmacologists. The analysis reveals that younger scientists, who were at the start of their careers, often found success in their new countries. Many of them secured high-ranking academic positions, such as professorships or directorships. Mid-career scientists also managed to continue and advance their careers abroad. However, senior pharmacologists who had held prestigious positions before emigrating faced significant challenges. Many had to accept less senior roles. The study also highlights the tragic fate of two pharmacologists who were murdered in concentration camps. The careers of ten notable pharmacologists are examined in detail. These individuals include Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg, Alfred Fröhlich, Hans Kosterlitz, Otto Krayer, Otto Loewi, Hans Molitor, Ernst Peter Pick, Otto Riesser, Klaus Robert Walter Unna, and Marthe Louise Vogt. Their publications in key journals are analyzed in the context of their personal journeys and professional achievements. Despite the hardships they endured, these scientists generally thrived in their new academic environments. Their success can be attributed to their dedication, resilience, and the support they received from international networks and funding bodies. The study underscores the human and scientific toll of political oppression. It emphasizes the importance of safeguarding academic freedom and diversity in the scientific community. By examining the lives of these pharmacologists, it becomes clear that their contributions were not just scientific but also a testament to their resilience and the support systems that helped them overcome adversity.