What Happens When Prices Rise and Jobs Vanish?

The economy is a tricky beast. Sometimes, it grows fast, and jobs are plenty. Other times, it slows down, and prices go up. But what happens when both bad things occur at once? This is what people call "stagflation. " It is a mix of slow growth and high inflation. It is a nightmare for the Federal Reserve, the group that controls the nation's money. The Federal Reserve has two main jobs. It wants to keep prices steady and ensure everyone has a job. But when stagflation hits, it is hard to do both at once. The Fed's main tool is the fed funds rate. This rate affects all loans in the country. If the Fed raises this rate, loans become more expensive. People spend less, and the economy slows down. This can help with inflation but hurts job growth. If the Fed lowers this rate, loans become cheaper. People spend more, and businesses hire more workers. This helps with jobs but can make inflation worse. So, what does the Fed do when both problems happen at the same time? It is a tough call. The Fed has to decide which problem is more urgent. If inflation is high, the Fed might focus on lowering it, even if it means more people might lose their jobs in the long run. If unemployment starts to rise, the Fed might lower rates to boost jobs, hoping inflation will decrease on its own. The Fed's chair, Jerome Powell, knows this is a tough situation. He said the Fed will look at how far each problem is from its goal and make a judgment call. But the Fed's tools work in one direction at a time. It is like trying to drive a car forward and backward simultaneously. It is just not possible. In the 1970s, the economy faced a similar problem. The "misery index" was high. It was a mix of the unemployment rate and the inflation rate. The Fed chair at the time, Paul Volcker, chose to fight inflation first. He raised interest rates so high that the economy went into a recession. But eventually, inflation fell, and the job market recovered. Today, the "misery index" is not as high as it was in the 1970s. The Fed expects the unemployment rate to rise slightly but remain low by historical standards. Inflation is expected to be above the Fed's target but far below the levels of the 1970s. However, the Fed is uncertain about the future. Tariffs and other policies can change quickly and unpredictably. The Fed is waiting to see which problem will become the biggest issue.