When Sun Flares Strike: Earth's Hidden Weaknesses

In May 2024, the Earth faced a powerful reminder of its vulnerability to space weather. A series of solar flares sent multiple coronal mass ejections (CMEs) toward Earth, merging into a major event that caught scientists off guard. This event, later known as the Gannon storm, highlighted how even smaller geomagnetic disturbances can have serious consequences. The Gannon storm revealed that Earth's reliance on space-based infrastructure makes it vulnerable to space weather. This storm disrupted global navigation satellite systems, causing delays in planting for Midwestern farmers. Many farmers, already behind schedule due to rainfall, were forced to delay planting further. This disruption led to significant losses, with an initial estimate of $500 million in corn farming alone. The storm also exposed vulnerabilities in space traffic management. During the storm, thousands of satellites were maneuvering simultaneously to avoid collisions, but space weather models weren't precise enough to predict their movements accurately. The storm also impacted aviation. Airline meteorologists were alerted to potential communications and satellite-navigation disruptions. The Wide Area Augmentation Systems (WAAS) experienced disruptions, making operations less efficient. Pilots flying between the U. S. and Europe noted communications anomalies, and one transoceanic flight was rerouted due to loss of high-frequency (HF) communications. However, radiation exposure to air travelers was minimal. In the U. S. , the impact on the electrical grid during the storm was minimal. Electric reliability coordinators participated in a conference call with the Space Weather Prediction Center, enabling system operators to proactively kick off their geomagnetic disturbance operating procedures. While there were reports of unusual transformer heating and distortions of the electrical waveform, no major outages were reported. Researchers are still analyzing the Gannon storm's impact. They are delving into subsectors to examine the impact on agriculture, drilling, surveying, and construction. Evidence shows the storm did little to disrupt most terrestrial activity. However, it's important to consider the potential consequences of future geomagnetic storms. A geomagnetic storm could be exacerbated by national security concerns. Solar Convergence, a tabletop exercise conducted in September by the Homeland Security Department Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), considered an extreme space weather event concurrent with a cybersecurity attack. This raised a number of interesting challenges in trying to respond to the space weather event, while simultaneously dealing with the uncertainty of a nefarious actor using the space weather incident to their advantage.