The epidermal growth factor receptor, or EGFR, helps cells grow and become specialized. But when things go wrong, EGFR can cause cancer. There are eight molecules, called ligands, that activate EGFR, with two main ones being epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α). Sci
In the world of mathematics, scientists are digging deep into braided tensor categories (BTCs). These are "functional" frameworks that help understand the behavior of certain mathematical objects when they interact. One interesting aspect researchers are focusing on is how these categories can be di
Scientists used a fancy computer code called ZEUS-3D to figure out what happened when a comet named SL9 smashed into Jupiter. They added some special rules to make the code understand light and heat better. They found that a huge shock wave formed, which matched what we saw from space. This shock wa
Have you ever wondered what happens to mice when they go on a long space trip? Scientists found out that staying on the International Space Station (ISS) for 37 days can cause some weird things to happen to their genes. They looked at the mice's RNA, which is like a blueprint for making proteins, an
Scientists have recently found some of the most powerful cosmic rays ever. These aren't your typical rays; they're made of electrons and positrons, and they're incredibly energetic, reaching up to 40, 000 times the energy of visible light. The High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) observatory in Na
Have you ever thought about how tiny, man-made particles could affect fish? Well, let's dive into some interesting findings about selenium nanoparticles, or nano-Se. These tiny particles are big in the healthcare and farming worlds, but what about their impact on fish? Scientists decided to find ou
Ever heard of growth hormone (GH)? It's like a superhero in chickens, helping them grow, mature, and stay healthy. But there's a villain out there called avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), a nasty virus that makes chickens sick, stops them from growing, and even causes tumors. Scientists wonde
Bioconvection, or the movement of microorganisms in fluids, is a fascinating phenomenon. This study looks at how a mix of blood and tiny copper particles, known as a nanofluid, behaves when it flows over a thin needle. The researchers considered the effect of tiny, magnetic-sensitive microorganisms,
Ever wondered how space travel affects astronauts' brains? It turns out, long missions have some interesting effects. Recently, NASA scientists checked how 25 astronauts' brains handled six months on the International Space Station (ISS). They used a special test called the "cognition battery" to se
Imagine a galaxy that looks like a giant hat. The Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104, is one such celestial body. Located about 31 million light-years away, it's the most massive spiral galaxy within 100 million light-years of us. But here's a twist: unlike our Milky Way, the Sombrero forms
