The goal was to find the best settings for a special engine. This engine uses a mix of fuels to burn cleanly and efficiently. It combines a high-reactive fuel, made from 30% mahua biodiesel and diesel, with a low-reactive fuel, ethanol. The engine can switch between different loads and ethanol shares to find the sweet spot for performance and emissions.

The engine can run in a mode called reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI). This mode allows for low-temperature combustion, which is better for the environment. It reduces smoke and nitrogen oxides (NOx), but it increases carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC). This is a trade-off that engineers need to consider.

Modern engines need to work well in various situations. They power hybrid cars, generators, and irrigation pumps. To find the best settings, researchers used a method called response surface methodology (RSM). They discovered that using 28. 43% ethanol at 83. 4% engine load gave the best results. This was confirmed through experiments.

In RCCI mode, the engine showed impressive results. It had a brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 32. 54% and a brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) of 10. 79 MJ/kWh. Smoke and NOx were reduced by 34. 8% and 29. 3%, respectively. However, CO and HC increased by 36. 4% and 34. 9% compared to the direct injection (DI) mode. Despite these increases, all engine outputs were within acceptable limits. Traditional catalytic converters can help reduce HC and CO.

The engine's performance shows promise for cleaner and more efficient transportation. It highlights the potential of using alternative fuels and advanced combustion techniques. However, more research is needed to fully understand and optimize these engines. Engineers must also consider the trade-offs and find ways to mitigate the increases in CO and HC. This is a complex challenge that requires careful consideration and innovation.

ENGINE OPERATING CONDITIONS

Engine Tweaks for Cleaner, Efficient Drives

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