Superwettability is a game-changer in the world of catalysts. It boosts how well catalysts work in reactions that involve multiple phases, like liquids and gases. This is because superwettability improves how reactants move around and how products leave the catalyst.

The main goal of superwettability is to make reactions happen faster and more efficiently. It does this by helping reactants get to the catalyst quickly, keeping useful intermediates around, and making sure products leave the catalyst easily. This is especially important in reactions that involve multiple phases, like those in chemical processing or environmental cleanup.

To make catalysts superwet, scientists use different tricks. They can mix materials together or change the surface of the catalyst chemically. These methods are used on all sorts of materials, from tiny pores in molecular sieves to complex structures in metal-organic frameworks and even single atoms.

One big challenge is making these superwetting catalysts work on a large scale. Scientists are also working on ways to change the wettability of catalysts while they are working, and to watch what happens at the tiny interfaces where the phases meet.

In the future, superwetting catalysts could be used in all sorts of important areas. They could help make energy production more sustainable, clean up the environment, and make industrial processes more efficient. But there are still big hurdles to overcome, like making these catalysts work reliably on a large scale and understanding exactly how they work at the smallest levels.

One interesting aspect is the use of porous materials. These materials have tiny holes that can trap reactants and intermediates, making the reaction more efficient. But they also need to be designed carefully to make sure they don't trap unwanted byproducts. This is where the confinement effects come in. By controlling the size and shape of the pores, scientists can make sure that only the right molecules get trapped and react.

Another key factor is mass transport. This is how reactants move around in the catalyst. Superwettability helps by making the surfaces of the catalyst more slippery, so reactants can move around more easily. This is especially important in reactions that involve gases and liquids, where the different phases can get in the way of each other.

But there's still a lot we don't know about how superwettability works. For example, we don't fully understand how the wettability of a catalyst changes when it's working. This is where dynamic wettability tuning comes in. By changing the wettability of a catalyst while it's working, scientists can make it work better and more efficiently.

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