Scientists explored how fluorine atoms and piperazine rings affect the toxicity of norfloxacin (NOR) and its degradation products (NOR-DPs). They used UV light and hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) to break down NOR into eight smaller pieces (P1-P8). Interestingly, the toxicity levels against various cell
Clinical trials are a big deal when it comes to checking if new vaccines or medicines are safe and work as they should. These trials are tricky and take a lot of time. They need the help of government officials, trial sites, researchers, and the whole health system. In recent years, many of these tr
You might think setting the price for COVID-19 vaccines is simple. But it's not. The World Health Organization (WHO) wants these vaccines to be like a global public good – available and affordable to everyone. That's a tall order, especially with two big players, Pfizer and Moderna, in the U. S. mar
Let's dive into the effectiveness of Enfortumab Vedotin (EV) in tackling advanced urothelial carcinoma (a severe form of bladder cancer) in the real world. EV is a unique drug that combines two powerful actions: it targets the nectin-4 protein found in cancer cells and disrupts their structure by in
Stomach and pancreas neuroendocrine tumors are quite the puzzle for doctors. They're not common and often go unnoticed until it's too late, making them difficult to tackle. When these tumors spread, doctors typically start with platinum-based chemotherapy. But here's where it gets confusing. After t
Meningococcal disease, caused by bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis, is a big deal. It's severe and can even be life-threatening. There are vaccines that protect against this, including ones that target the most common types like MenA, MenC, and MenW. These vaccines come in different forms, like
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, there’s been a noticeable hesitancy among marginalized populations, especially within the Hispanic community in Pima County, Arizona, when it comes to taking the vaccine. A recent study took a close look at how political views impact the decision-making process of H
These days, whooping cough is really giving the US a hard time. It's been increasing for months, and there's no sign it's slowing down. By mid-December, over 32, 000 cases were reported, which is almost six times more than last year and the highest since 2014. Called pertussis, it's a super contagio
A big search is happening right now in Mississippi. A prisoner named Drew Johnson, who is 33 years old, escaped from the South Mississippi Correctional Institution in Leakesville on Tuesday afternoon. Johnson was sent to jail for life because he was found guilty of murder in Rankin County. This happ
Imagine you're looking at two types of bladder cancer under a microscope. At first glance, they might seem similar, like two plants growing close together. But doctors are trying to figure out how to tell them apart. One type, called "early papillary formation, " grows upward like a tiny stem. The o
