International Unity in Space: A Boost for Science but Not Education

Space-science programs offer great benefits to countries by boosting science, technology, education, and economy. However, the high costs have prevented developing nations from joining in, and even developed countries have scaled back spending over the past decade. This study looks into how international cooperation can help in running ambitious space-science programs, especially in developing countries. A special method was created to measure the impact of such collaborations on achieving space-science goals and improving key development areas.Two examples were studied: the Indian Space Research Organization, which has a history of international teamwork, and the International Space Station, a long-term collaboration between mature space-science programs. The study found that while international cooperation enhances science goals, it doesn't bring much return on investment for education and national security. The study also points out some limits of space diplomacy, using China and SAARC nations as examples, and suggests areas for future research.