You know how plants have tiny pores on their leaves called stomata? These pores help plants breathe, but they also play a part in protecting them from pathogens. Interestingly, light can control how these stomata open and close. Blue or strong red light, for example, makes the pores open wider. Whil
Purifying large biotherapeutic entities like viral coat proteins and mRNA is tougher than handling smaller products. These huge molecules struggle to reach binding sites in regular chromatographic media. However, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) offers a potential solution by isolating them in th
Meet collagenases – tiny enzymes with a big job in cancer. They're part of a group called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and they help cancer cells spread and invade. But spotting these enzymes in action isn't easy with traditional methods like substrate zymography and in situ zymography. They're
Kids grow up learning to figure things out in two main ways: inductive reasoning, where they make guesses based on what they see, and deductive reasoning, where they use rules to solve problems. Both of these skills depend on something called executive functions, which include working memory, inhibi
At the heart of livestock farming lies an important goal: making the most out of the feed given to animals. This is what we call feed efficiency. It's like asking how much product (like meat or milk) we get out of every bite of feed the animal eats. But there's a tricky balance here. While we want m
Let's chat about how breeding durum wheat has changed its ability to compete. Scientists wanted to know if domesticated wheat could keep up when surrounded by other plants. They grew 39 different types of durum wheat, from wild plants to modern high-tech varieties, in pots both alone and with a neig
Imagine concrete that doesn’t just sit there, but actively fixes itself when it gets damaged. That’s what scientists are working on with a type of concrete mixed with special bacteria. Here’s how it works: tiny bacteria are added to the concrete mix, but they stay dormant, like little living seeds.
Imagine a tiny world underground, where plant roots meet and greet a crowd of microorganisms called the rhizosphere microbiome. Some of these microbes can trigger the plant's immune system—like when they detect flg22, a snippet from the flagellin protein found on bacterial cells. However, a few comm
Scientists have been trying to find the best way to make ZIF-8 membranes strong enough for industrial use. These membranes are really good at separating two important gases, C3H6 and C3H8. A recent study found that using supercritical ethane, scC2H6, to make these membranes might be the answer. Supe
Ever wondered how cells communicate? One key player is something called cyclic AMP (cAMP). It's like a messenger that tells cells what to do. But sometimes, enzymes called phosphodiesterases (PDEs) break down cAMP, and that can cause trouble. Scientists have been trying to stop these PDEs, but their
